Background: This study examines genetic variations in the systemic oxygen transport cascade during exhaustive exercise in physically trained tactical athletes. Research goal: To update the information on the distribution of influence of eleven polymorphisms in ten genes, namely ACE (rs1799752), AGT (rs699), MCT1 (rs1049434), HIF1A (rs11549465), COMT (rs4680), CKM (rs8111989), TNC (rs2104772), PTK2 (rs7460 and rs7843014), ACTN3 (rs1815739), and MSTN (rs1805086)—on the connected steps of oxygen transport during aerobic muscle work. Methods: 251 young, healthy tactical athletes (including 12 females) with a systematic physical training history underwent exercise tests, including standardized endurance running with a 12.6 kg vest. Key endurance performance metrics were assessed using ergospirometry, blood sampling, and near-infrared spectroscopy of knee and ankle extensor muscles. The influence of gene polymorphisms on the above performance metrics was analyzed using Bayesian analysis of variance. Results: Subjects exhibited good aerobic fitness (maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max): 4.3 ± 0.6 L min−1, peak aerobic power: 3.6 W ± 0.7 W kg−1). Energy supply-related gene polymorphisms rs1799752, rs4680, rs1049434, rs7843014, rs11549465, and rs8111989 did not follow the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Polymorphisms in genes that regulate metabolic and contractile features were strongly associated with variability in oxygen transport and metabolism, such as body mass-related VO2 (rs7843014, rs2104772), cardiac output (rs7460), total muscle hemoglobin content (rs7460, rs4680), oxygen saturation in exercised muscle (rs1049434), and respiration exchange ratio (rs7843014, rs11549465) at first or secondary ventilatory thresholds or VO2max. Moderate influences were found for mass-related power output. Conclusions: The posterior distribution of effects from genetic modulators of aerobic metabolism and muscle contractility mostly confirmed prior opinions in the direction of association. The observed genetic effects of rs4680 and rs1049434 indicate a crucial role of dopamine- and lactate-modulated muscle perfusion and oxygen metabolism during running, suggesting self-selection in Swiss tactical athletes.
Introduction The Swiss Armed Forces have released a fitness app for personalised physical training that takes into account the current endurance performance. This is done by means of an integrated digital self-test of physical performance. The Cooper test (12-minute run), which is widely used in the military setting, is too long for the digital selftest. This study aims to investigate whether a self-paced 4-minute all out outdoor run (4Minmax run) is a valid method to assess endurance performance for personalised training planning in the app. Methods On the same day, the subjects completed a 4Minmax run on a flat 300 m circular track and a maximal exercise test (VO2max-Test) using a graded protocol (figure 1). Average speed was calculated from the 4Minmax run (v4Min), the relative maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and the maximum speed (vend) from the VO2max-Test. Maximum heart rate (HRmax) was measured during the 4Minmax run and the VO2max-Test. Respiratory gases were analysed during the VO2max-Test using a mixing chamber (Cosmed srl, Rome, Italy). Pearson correlations and linear regressions were used to test whether v4Min predicted vend and the relative VO2max. Two regression analyses were performed separately for women and men. Results Table 1 shows the descriptive statistics of the 4Minmax run and the VO2max-Test of the 18 subjects. In both men and women, vend and v4Min were strongly correlated (r = 0.79, p = 0.001, 95% CI: 0.424 - 0.934 and r = 0.974, p = 0.005, 95% CI: 0.647 - 0.998, respectively; figure 2). Also the VO2max and the v4Min were strongly correlated in men and in women (r = 0.742, p = 0.004, 95% CI: 0.324 - 0.918 and r = 0.897, p = 0.039, 95% CI: 0.073 - 0.993, respectively; figure 3). The linear regression model of the relative VO2max explained by the v4Min was statistically significant in women (adjusted R2 = 0.74, F(1,3) = 12.41, p = 0.039) and in men (adjusted R2 = 0.51, F(1,11) = 13.504, p = 0.004). The regression equation for women was: VO2max [ml*min-1*kg-1] = -28.792+5.758 (v4Min [km*h-1]). The regression equation for men was: VO2max [ml*min-1*kg-1] = -21.627+4.709*(v4Min [km*h-1]). Conclusion The performance in the 4Minmax run can accurately estimate both VO2max and vend with a slightly higher adjusted R2 between v4Min and vend than between v4Min and VO2max. As the VO2max is comparable to reference values, it is recommended to calculate the estimated VO2max from the 4Minmax run to assess the endurance performance in the digital self-test. The regression equation for women should be further investigated with a larger number of subjects and should therefore be used with caution. Military Impact The Swiss Armed Forces offer their recruits and soldiers a digital solution for physical training before and between military service. The digital performance test implemented in this application, which can be carried out independently, regardless of time and place, and without any special equipment, enables the generation of a personalised physical training. The 4Minmax run is a promising solution to assess the endurance performance and is an alternative to conventional laboratory and field tests.
BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting containment measures had and still have a profound impact on everyday life. Both the fear of infection and the imposed restrictions can have biopsychosocial consequences. The aim of the present study was to analyze whether there is a difference in the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of primary school children in 2014/15 compared to in 2020, the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: The present study included 1,712 children aged 5 to 11 years who either participated in the baseline assessment of the SOPHYA cohort study in 2014/15 or were newly recruited during follow-up of the cohort in 2020. In both surveys, the children invited for participation were identified based on registry data. HRQoL was assessed with the validated KINDL-R questionnaire, which scores HRQoL along six different dimensions. RESULTS: The overall scores (82.4 [81.8; 83.0] vs. 79.6 [79,1; 80.2]), and in particular the emotional well-being scores (85.6 [84.6; 86.6] vs. 83.3 [82.4; 84.2]), were lower during the year of the pandemic (2020) compared to the survey year 2014/15. The highest decrease between 2014/15 and 2020 in the adjusted models was seen for the youngest age group (–3.9 points), followed by children from families with a high income (–3.2 points), girls (–3.1 points), Swiss citizens (–3.1 points) and children from the German-speaking part of Switzerland (–3.1 points). HRQoL was particularly low during periods with restrictions and at the height of the COVID-19 waves in 2020. CONCLUSION: The SOPHYA-study showed that HRQoL, and especially emotional well-being, was lower in 5 to 11-year-old children in Switzerland during the first year of the pandemic compared to the results from the survey conducted in 2014/15. In the year of the pandemic, the scores were lowest at the height of the COVID-19 waves and their associated restrictions. As it cannot be distinguished whether fear of the disease itself or the restrictions caused this decrease in HRQoL, containment policies should keep COVID-19 infections as low as possible, but still enable children to profit from protective factors such as leisure activities, physical activity and social contact.
We tested whether objectively assessed neighbourhood characteristics are associated with moderate-to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and cycling in Swiss children and adolescents and assessed the mediating role of the perception of the environment.; The cross-sectional analyses were based on data of 1306 participants aged 6-16 years of the population-based SOPHYA study. MVPA was measured by accelerometry, time spent cycling and the perceived environment by questionnaire. Objective environmental parameters at the residential address were GIS derived. In all analyses, personal, social and environmental factors were considered.; MVPA showed significant positive associations with perceived personal safety and perceived access to green spaces but not with respective objective parameters. Objectively assessed main street density and shorter distance to the next public transport were associated with less cycling in adolescents. Parents' perceptions did not mediate the observed associations of the objectively assessed environment with MVPA and cycling.; Associations between the environment and physical activity differ by domain. In spatial planning efforts to improve objective environments should be complemented with efforts to increase parental sense of security.
Youth+Sport (Y+S) is the largest sports promotion program, run by the Swiss Federal Office of Sport. The program was launched in 1972 and has been continuously developed ever since. Y+S subsidizes sports clubs with more than 100 Million Swiss Francs every year. In addition to direct financial support for sports courses and camps, the program structure is based on two other pillars: training of sports coaches and provision of rental material for courses and camps. Until now, there is no scientific evaluation looking for mechanisms of the program. Because the program management has set itself the goal of making more evidence-based decisions, an evaluation system is currently being set up with the main purpose of optimizing Y+S. The article discusses the Contribution Analysis – a hardly known method in sports science. In this theory-based approach, mechanisms for possible impacts of Y+S are postulated based on scientific theories. These mechanisms are checked for plausibility by means of research results, expert assessments and, if necessary, by own evaluation studies. In the best case, the plausible impact mechanisms show how sport affects the target groups and quantifies the contribution of Y+S. The focus of interest is on the program's contribution to lifelong sports activities, personality development and benefits for society as a whole, such as mass sports development and volunteering in sport.
This study aims to assess the prevalence of different modes of commuting to school and work for 10-12year-olds and their parents; to assess the associations with demographic variables (country, sex, parental education and ethnicity) and with weight status in eight European countries. As part of the ENERGY project a cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2010 in which modes of commuting and socio-demographic variables for children (N=7903) and one of their parents (n=6455) were measured by questionnaires. Children's weight and height were objectively measured; parents self-reported their weight and height. Logistic multilevel regression analyses assessed the associations between mode of commuting and overweight. Differences between countries and differences in mode of commuting according to demographic variables were tested using χ(2)-test and Marascuilo's Post-hoc analysis. There were marked differences between countries, especially regarding cycling to school, which was common in The Netherlands and Norway and rare in Greece and Spain. Demographic variables were associated with mode of commuting in children and parents. Mode of commuting was not associated with being overweight in children, after adjustment for demographic variables. Bicycling to work, but not other modes of commuting, was significantly inversely associated with being overweight among parents (OR=0.74 (95%CI 0.57-0.97)). Interventions targeting active commuting may promote cycling, and should take into account the differences regarding demographic variables.
Wirkmodelle werden im Kontext theoriebasierter Evaluationsansätze ein immer häufiger verwendetes Instrument. Viele Fragen in Bezug auf das angemessene Vorgehen bei der Entwicklung und Verwendung von Wirkmodellen bleiben allerdings oft unbeantwortet, nicht zuletzt, da konkrete Fallbeispiele selten genau genug dokumentiert werden. Nach einem kurzen Überblick zur Rolle von Wirkmodellen in der aktuellen Evaluationsliteratur beschreibt der Beitrag am Beispiel des schweizerischen Programms ‚Jugend und Sport‘ ausführlich die Entwicklung eines Wirkmodells, die gleichzeitig literaturbasiert und unter Einbeziehung wichtiger Stakeholdergruppen erfolgte. Erfahrungen werden aus den Perspektiven Auftraggebende, Modellentwicklung und Evaluationstheorie reflektiert. Dabei werden drei häufig genannte Herausforderungen thematisiert: Machen Wirkmodelle blind für nicht intendierte Wirkungen? Sollten Wirkmodelle die Sichtweise von Stakeholdern abbilden oder sich an etablierten wissenschaftlichen Theorien orientieren? Ist der Aufwand für die Entwicklung eines Wirkmodells gerechtfertigt?
We evaluated whether regional differences in physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) existed along language boundaries within Switzerland and whether potential differences would be explained by socio-demographics or environmental characteristics.; We combined data of 611 children aged 4 to 7 years from four regional studies. PA and SB were assessed by accelerometers. Information about the socio-demographic background was obtained by questionnaires. Objective neighbourhood attributes could be linked to home addresses. Multivariate regression models were used to test associations between PA and SB and socio-demographic characteristics and neighbourhood attributes.; Children from the German compared to the French-speaking region were more physically active and less sedentary (by 10-15 %, p < 0.01). Although German-speaking children lived in a more favourable environment and a higher socioeconomic neighbourhood (differences p < 0.001), these characteristics did not explain the differences in PA behaviour between French and German speaking.; Factors related to the language region, which might be culturally rooted were among the strongest correlates of PA and SB among Swiss children, independent of individual, social and environmental factors.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the magnitude and country-specific differences in underestimation of children's weight status by children and their parents in Europe and to further explore its associations with family characteristics and sociodemographic factors. DESIGN: Children's weight and height were objectively measured. Parental anthropometric and sociodemographic data were self-reported. Children and their parents were asked to comment on children's weight status based on five-point Likert-type scales, ranging from 'I am much too thin' to 'I am much too fat' (children) and 'My child's weight is way too little' to 'My child's weight is way too much' (parents). These data were combined with children's actual weight status, in order to assess underestimation of children's weight status by children themselves and by their parents, respectively. Chi-square tests and multilevel logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the aims of the current study. SETTING: Eight European countries participating in the ENERGY (EuropeaN Energy balance Research to prevent excessive weight Gain among Youth) project. SUBJECTS: A school-based survey among 6113 children aged 10-12 years and their parents. RESULTS: In the total sample, 42·9 % of overweight/obese children and 27·6 % of parents of overweight/obese children underestimated their and their children's weight status, respectively. A higher likelihood for this underestimation of weight status by children and their parents was observed in Eastern and Southern compared with Central/Northern countries. Overweight or obese parents (OR=1·81; 95 % CI 1·39, 2·35 and OR=1·78, 95 % CI 1·22, 2·60), parents of boys (OR=1·32; 95 % CI 1·05, 1·67) and children from overweight/obese (OR=1·60; 95 % CI 1·29, 1·98 and OR=1·76; 95 % CI 1·29, 2·41) or unemployed parents (OR=1·53; 95 % CI 1·22, 1·92) were more likely to underestimate children's weight status. CONCLUSIONS: Children of overweight or obese parents, those from Eastern and Southern Europe, boys, younger children and children with unemployed parents were more likely to underestimate their actual weight status. Overweight or obese parents and parents of boys were more likely to underestimate the actual weight status of their children. In obesity prevention such underestimation may be a barrier for behavioural change.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the associations of family sociodemographic characteristics with children's weight status and whether these potential associations are mediated by children's breakfast habits. DESIGN: A school-based survey among 10-12-year-old children was conducted in eight European countries. Children's weight and height were measured and breakfast habits and family sociodemographic characteristics were self-reported by 5444 children and their parents. International Obesity Task Force cut-off points were used to categorize children as overweight/obese or normal weight. Mediation analyses were used to test the potential mediating effect of children's breakfast consumption on the associations between family sociodemographic characteristics and children's overweight/obesity. SETTING: Schools in eight European countries participating in the ENERGY (EuropeaN Energy balance Research to prevent excessive weight Gain among Youth) project. SUBJECTS: Children aged 10-12 years and their parents (n 5444). RESULTS: Children's reported daily breakfast consumption varied from 56 % in Slovenia to 92 % in Spain on weekdays and from 79 % in Greece to 93 % in Norway on weekends. Children of native parents, with both parents employed and with at least one parent having more than 14 years of education were more likely to consume breakfast daily and less likely to be overweight/obese. Finally, mediation analyses revealed that the association of parental nationality and parental educational status with children's overweight/obesity was partially mediated by children's daily breakfast consumption. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that the lower likelihood of being overweight/obese among 10-12-year-old children of native background and higher parental educational status was partially mediated by children's daily breakfast consumption.
Background Neighborhood attributes are modifiable determinants of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB). We tested whether the objectively-assessed built and social environment was associated with PA and SB in Swiss youth and whether sex, age and the socioeconomic position (Swiss-SEP) modified such associations. Methods We combined data of 1742 youth (ages 4 to 17) from seven studies conducted within Switzerland between 2005–2010. All youth provided accelerometer data and a home address, which was linked to objective environmental data and the Swiss-SEP-index. Associations between neighborhood attributes and PA were analyzed by multivariable multilevel regression analyses. Results The extent of green areas and building density was positively associated with PA in the total sample (p < 0.05). Factors representing centrally located areas, and more schoolchildren living nearby tended to increase PA in secondary schoolchildren, boys and those from lower-ranked socioeconomic areas. In primary schoolchildren, the extent of green areas was positively associated with PA (p = 0.05). Associations between neighborhood attributes and PA were more pronounced in youth from low socioeconomic areas. Conclusions The results indicate that some associations between neighborhood attributes and PA differ by age, sex and socioeconomic area. This should be taken into account when planning interventions to increase childhood PA.
This study aims to describe the time devoted to sedentary and physical activities at school in five European countries and to examine differences according to country, sex, ethnicity, parental education and weight status.; cross-European cross-sectional survey.; Primary schoolchildren (n=1025) aged 10-12 years in Belgium, Greece, Hungary, the Netherlands, and Switzerland wore accelerometers for at least six consecutive days. Only weekdays were used for this study to calculate the percentages of school-time spent in sedentary activities and moderate to vigorous intensity activity. Trained research assistants measured height and weight. Sex and date of birth were self-reported by the child and parental education and ethnicity were parent-reported.; European schoolchildren spent on average 65% of their time at school in sedentary activities and 5% on moderate to vigorous intensity activities, with small differences between countries. Girls spent a significant larger amount of school-time in sedentary activities (67%) than boys (63%; p
Awareness of being monitored can influence participants' habitual physical activity (PA) behavior. This reactivity effect may threaten the validity of PA assessment. Reports on reactivity when measuring the PA of children and adolescents have been inconsistent. The aim of this study was to investigate whether PA outcomes measured by accelerometer devices differ from measurement day to measurement day and whether the day of the week and the day on which measurement started influence these differences.; Accelerometer data (counts per minute [cpm]) of children and adolescents (n = 2081) pooled from eight studies in Switzerland with at least 10 h of daily valid recording were investigated for effects of measurement day, day of the week, and start day using mixed linear regression.; The first measurement day was the most active day. Counts per minute were significantly higher than on the second to the sixth day, but not on the seventh day. Differences in the age-adjusted means between the first and consecutive days ranged from 23 to 45 cpm (3.6%-7.1%). In preschoolchildren, the differences almost reached 10%. The start day significantly influenced PA outcome measures.; Reactivity to accelerometer measurement of PA is likely to be present to an extent of approximately 5% on the first day and may introduce a relevant bias to accelerometer-based studies. In preschoolchildren, the effects are larger than those in elementary and secondary schoolchildren. As the day of the week and the start day significantly influence PA estimates, researchers should plan for at least one familiarization day in school-age children and randomly assign start days.
Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) plays an important role in childhood overweight prevention. Sedentary time appears to be independently associated with overweight, but most research has been done in adults.; The objective of this study were to identify subgroups of children based on their MVPA and sedentary time, and explore differences in body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and overweight prevalence between among these subgroups.; A sample of 766 10- to 12-year-old children (52.9% girls, 11.6 ± 0.8 years) were recruited from Hungary (n = 158), Belgium (n = 111), the Netherlands (n = 113), Greece (n = 169) and Switzerland (n = 215). Children wore an accelerometer to measure MVPA and sedentary time.; Cluster analysis revealed four clusters in both gender groups showing an unhealthy pattern (low MVPA/high sedentary time), a healthy pattern (high MVPA/low sedentary time), a low mixed pattern (low MVPA/low sedentary time) and a moderate to high mixed pattern (moderate to high MVPA/moderate sedentary time). In girls, the high MVPA/low sedentary time cluster had a significantly lower BMI (P ≤ 0.05), a lower waist circumference (P ≤ 0.01) and the lowest percentage of overweight (P ≤ 0.10) compared with the other three clusters. In boys, both clusters with higher activity levels had a significantly lower BMI (P ≤ 0.001) and waist circumference (P ≤ 0.001) than the two low activity clusters, independent of sedentary time.; Engagement in more MVPA and less sedentary time is associated with a more favourable weight status among 10- to 12-year-old girls. Among boys, MVPA seems most important for weight status, while sedentary time appears to be less relevant.
Abstract BACKGROUND: To assess the association of eating meals, and never watching TV while eating meals, with weight status among children, ages 10-12 years across Europe. METHODS: 7915 children (mean age: 11.5 years) in eight European countries (Belgium, Greece, Hungary, the Netherlands, Norway, Slovenia, Spain and Switzerland) completed a questionnaire at school. Data on meals eaten the day before questionnaire administration and the frequency of eating meals while watching TV were collected. Height and weight of the children were objectively assessed. Multinomial and binary regression analyses were conducted to test associations of eating meals (adjusted for gender and ethnicity) and never watching TV while eating meals (adjusted for gender, ethnicity and total TV time) with overweight/obesity, and to test for country- and socio-demographic differences. RESULTS: The proportions of children reporting eating breakfast, lunch and dinner were 85%, 96%, and 93% respectively, and 55%, 46% and 32% reported to never watch TV at breakfast, lunch and dinner respectively. The children who ate breakfast (OR = 0.6 (95% CI 0.5-0.7)) and dinner (OR = 0.4 (95% CI 0.3-0.5)), had lower odds of being overweight compared to those who did not. The children who never watched TV at lunch (OR = 0.7 (95% CI 0.7-0.8)) and dinner (OR = 0.8 (95% CI 0.7-0.9)) had lower odds of being overweight compared to those who watched TV at the respective meals. CONCLUSIONS: The odds of being overweight was lower for children who ate breakfast and dinner compared to those who did not eat the respective meals. The odds of being overweight was lower for children who reported to never watch TV at lunch and dinner compared to those who did. A focus towards meal frequency and watching TV during meals in longitudinal and interventions studies in prevention of overweight and obesity, may contribute to a better understanding of causality.
Abstract OBJECTIVE: The main objective was to assess the relationship of breakfast skipping, television (TV) viewing at breakfast and breakfast without TV with weight status among parents of 10-12-year-olds in eight European countries. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey assessed breakfast eating and TV viewing at breakfast by three frequency questions and parents were categorized into: (i) breakfast skippers; (ii) breakfast with TV (TV watchers at breakfast); and (iii) breakfast without TV (breakfast eaters who do not watch TV during breakfast). Self-reported weight and height were used to categorize weight status as underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted with weight status as the dependent variable and breakfast habits as predictors, adjusting for sex, ethnicity and level of education. SETTING: The survey was conducted in 2010 in 199 primary schools across eight European countries participating in the ENERGY (EuropeaN Energy balance Research to prevent excessive weight Gain among Youth) cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: Parents (n 6512) of 10-12-year-olds responded to the questionnaire. RESULTS: In the total study sample, with breakfast without TV as the reference group and adjusting for sex, ethnicity and level of education, the OR of being respectively overweight or obese (compared with normal weight) was 1.2 (95% CI 1.0, 1.4) or 1.8 (95% CI 1.5, 2.3) for breakfast skippers. The OR of being respectively underweight or obese was 0.5 (95% CI 0.2, 0.9) or 1.4 (95% CI 1.1, 1.8) for breakfast with TV. CONCLUSIONS: Breakfast skippers were significantly more likely to be overweight and obese, and those eating breakfast while watching TV were significantly more likely to be obese and less likely to be underweight.
Abstract Background Overweight in children and adolescents have increased significantly and are a major public health problem. To allow international comparisons, Switzerland joined the European study ‘ENERGY’ cross sectional survey consortium that investigated the prevalence of overweight and obesity as well as selected dietary, physical and sedentary behaviors of 10–12 years old pupils across seven other countries in Europe. The aims of the present study was to compare body composition and energy-balance related behaviors of Swiss schoolchildren to those of the seven European ENERGY-countries and to analyze overweight and energy-balance related behaviors of Swiss children according to socio-demographic factors. Methods A school-based cross-sectional study among 10–12 year old children was conducted in Switzerland and seven other European countries using a standardized protocol. Body height, weight and waist-circumference were measured by trained research assistants. Energy-balance related behaviors –i.e. selected dietary, physical activity and screen-viewing behaviors were assessed by questionnaires. Weight status and behaviors in Switzerland were compared to the seven European ENERGY countries. Within the Swiss sample, analyses stratified by gender, parental education and ethnicity were performed. Results Data of 546 Swiss children (mean age 11.6±0.8y, 48% girls) were obtained and compared to the ENERGY- results (N=7.148; mean age 11.5±0.8y, 48% girls). In Switzerland significantly less children were overweight (13.9%) or obese (2.3%) compared to the average across the ENERGY-countries (23.7% and 4.7%, respectively), and were even somewhat lower than the ENERGY countries with the lowest prevalence. Sugar sweetened beverage intakes and breakfast habits of Swiss children did not differ significantly from those of ENERGY. However, the mean time devoted by Swiss children to walking or cycling to school and attending sports activities was significantly higher and screen time significantly lower compared to the other ENERGY-countries. Within the Swiss, sample relatively large and consistent differences were observed between children from native and non-native ethnicity. Conclusions The prevalence of overweight and obesity among Swiss children are substantial but significantly lower compared to all other European ENERGY-Partners, probably due to the fact that Swiss children were found to be more active and less sedentary comparing to the rest of the European sample.
