This study investigated PAPE effects of two conditioning activities (CA) and recovery times on the peak jumping power (PP) of elite female volleyball athletes. Players performed CA separately: three sets of three repetitions of back squats with 85% of 1RM (BS) or one set of five depth drops (DD). PP was measured with countermovement (CMJ) and squat jumps (SJ) before (pre-test) and two minutes (post-test 1) and six hours (post-test 2) after each CA. BS significantly reduced PP at post-test 1 (CMJ and SJ: p < 0.04, d between −0.36 and −0.28). At post-test 2, following BS, PP for both jump forms was significantly greater than at post-test 1 (p < 0.001, d between 0.54 and 0.55) and at pre-test (p < 0.048, d between 0.21 and 0.30). DD increased PP significantly (CMJ and SJ p < 0.05, d between 0.40 and 0.41) relative to pre-test at post-test 2 (there was no significant difference between pre-test and post-test 1). Comparing BS with DD, there were no significant differences (p > 0.05). The greatest PAPE effects were observed six hours after BS. CA are recommended for female athletes to improve jumping performance, but individual responses should be determined prior to use.
In der heutigen Welt des Spitzen- und Nachwuchsleistungssports ist der Erfolg von Athlet:innen untrennbar mit einer umfassenden Unterstützung und Förderung auf allen Ebenen verbunden. Dies erfordert nicht nur herausragende individuelle Leistungen, sondern auch ein starkes und koordiniertes Team von Fachpersonen. Der Leitfaden zur interprofessionellen Zusammenarbeit (IPZ) im Ressort Leistungssport (RLS) soll das effiziente Zusammenwirken der Fachspezialist:innen des RLS definieren und den Beteiligten Hilfestellungen für eine optimale Zusammenarbeit über die Fachgruppen hinweg zur Verfügung zu stellen. Mit Hilfe eines umfassenden Reviewverfahrens und dem Einbezug einer Arbeitsgruppe von Expert:innen werden die IPZ am RLS und Rollenbeschreibungen und Aufgabenbereiche sowie Anforderungen von Care Manger:innen definiert. Aufgrund der Erfahrungen der Fachpersonen am RLS werden 6 prototypische IPZ-Fälle und die Prozesse und Abläufe der IPZ skizziert. Dabei wird ein ökologisches Systemmodell zur Förderung von Thriving zu Hilfe gezogen und ein neues Modell zur Veranschaulichung des IPZ Prozesses vorgestellt.
Performance on vault in artistic gymnastics depends on the difficulty and the execution quality of the performed vault. However, differences of kinetic energy between simple and difficult vaults remain elusive. Therefore, in this study, 48 Tsukahara and Yurchenko vaults, performed by 20 top-level gymnasts, were recorded with 3D-motion capture and the flux of translational (TKE), angular kinetic (AKE), potential (PE), and total energy were calculated and compared. Results revealed that upon initial springboard contact, almost all of the kinetic energy for Tsukahara vaults is comprised of TKE, whereas Yurchenko vaults were characterized by substantially less TKE, but far greater AKE (and similar PE). During springboard contact of Tsukahara vaults, AKE is increased (+70%) and thereafter mostly preserved during push off from the table (−6%). For Yurchenko vaults, AKE is preserved during springboard contact but reduced (−30%) in exchange for PE at push off. During the second flight phase of Yurchenko vaults, total energy was 10% higher than at initial springboard contact (Tsukahara: −1%). For vaults of increasing difficulty, 5.9% more AKE is needed for each additional 180° of longitudinal-axis rotation. This knowledge may help coaches evaluate athletes’ potential and focus training on appropriate physical and/or technical aspects of the vault performance.
On rings, in men's artistic gymnastics, the general strength requirements for important static elements remain elusive. Therefore, the aim was to describe the relationship between a new conditioning strength test and a maximum strength test of static elements on rings in order to determine the minimal strength level (benchmarks) required to maintain these elements with one's own body weight. Nineteen elite gymnasts performed a concentric (1RM isoinertial) and eccentric (isokinetic: 0.1 m/s) conditioning strength test for swallow/support scale (supine position) and inverted cross (seated position) on a computer-controlled device and a maximum strength test maintaining these elements for 5 s on rings with counterweight or additional weight. High correlation coefficients were found between the conditioning maximum strength for swallow/support scale (r: 0.65 to 0.92; p < 0.05) and inverted cross (r: 0.62 to 0.69; p > 0.05) and the maximum strength of the elements on rings. Strength benchmarks varied between 56.66% (inverted cross concentric) and 94.10% (swallow eccentric) of body weight. Differences in biomechanical characteristics and technical requirements of strength elements on rings may (inter alia) explain the differences between correlations. Benchmarks of conditioning strength may help coaches and athletes systematize the training of strength elements on rings.
max. 250 Wörter / 250 mots au max. Einleitung / Introduction: Ein Monitoring der Trainingsbelastung und der Leistungsanpassungen dient unter anderem der Optimierung des Trainings. Das Ziel dieser Untersuchung war deshalb, basierend auf den Erkenntnissen aus der Trainingsdatenanalyse der exzentrisch-isokinetischen Krafttrainingsintervention zur Verbesserung von Krafthalteelementen an den Ringen im Kunstturnen (Schärer et al. 2019; Studie 1), eine optimierte Trainingsintervention zu entwickeln sowie ihre Wirksamkeit zu überprüfen (Studie 2). Methode / Méthode: Die Analyse der vierwöchigen Trainingsintervention (acht Trainings) mit dem 1080 Quantum Syncro (Studie 1) ergab, dass sich die exzentrische Maximalkraft hauptsächlich in den Trainings 2 bis 4 verbessert hat. Die Trainingsübung (Rückenlage auf Heberbank, Hände greifen je einen Ring wie beim Kunstturnen, maximaler Gegendruck mit gestreckten Armen (Ausgangsposition: 70° über Hüfte; Endposition: -15° unter Hüfte) gegen das mit 0.1m/s computergesteuert nach unten synchron eingezogene Zugseil) sowie die "cluster-förmige" exzentrisch-isokinetische Belastungsmodalität dieser drei Trainings (Training 2: 2x2x4; Trainings 3 und 4: 3x3x4) wurden deshalb in der dreiwöchigen Intervention von Studie 2 von Training 1 bis 3 übernommen und als Reizwechsel von Training 4 bis 6 exzentrisch-isokinetisch + isoinertial mit zehn Nationalkaderathleten wiederholt. Eine Woche vor und nach Trainingsintervention wurde der maximale Widerstand (Körpergewicht plus Zusatzgewicht / minus Gegengewicht) bei den Krafthalteelementen Schwalbe und Stützwaage an den Ringen (Haltezeit: 5s) bestimmt. Resultate / Résultats: Die Maximalkraft der Krafthalteelemente verbesserte sich in Studie 2 um 7% (Stützwaage) respektive 8% (Schwalbe) (beide p < 0.01), in Studie 1 um 4% (Stützwaage; p < 0.01) respektive 3% (Schwalbe p > 0.05). Diskussion und Schlussfolgerung / Discussion et conclusion: Die Effizienz der Trainingsintervention in Studie 2 konnte dank dem Trainingsmonitoring von Studie 1 (mit zwei Trainings weniger) verdoppelt werden. Diese Studie zeigt, wie durch Monitoring "nicht-funktionale Trainingsreize" eliminiert und dadurch Krafttrainingsinterventionen effizienter gestaltet werden können. In Bezug auf die angewandte exzentrisch-isokinetische Trainingsform konnte festgestellt werden, dass diese bei Eliteathleten hochwirksam zu sein scheint, wenn erstens eine gewisse (minimale) Wiederholungsanzahl der Trainingsübung pro Training realisiert wird und zweitens ein Reizwechsel (exzentrsich-isokinetisch + isoinertial) nach nur wenigen Trainings stattfindet. Aufgrund der hohen Intensität sollte diese Trainingsform nicht als "Dauermethode", jedoch gezielt in Phasen mit geringer Belastung im sporttechnischen Training eingesetzt werden.
Hintergrund: Der Stand der Forschung zeigt auf, dass Kreuzbandverletzungen im alpinen Skirennsport häufig vorkommen. Der ischiocruralen Muskulatur wird eine wichtige Rolle zum Schutz des vorderen Kreuzbandes (VKB) attestiert. Dabei ist v.a. die exzentrische Muskelaktivität von grosser Bedeutung, da sie in Dauer und Intensität gegenüber der konzentrischen Muskelaktivität im alpinen Skirennsport vorherrschend ist. Ziel dieser Studie war herauszufinden, ob Elite Skirennfahrer nach einer VKB-Plastik exzentrische Kraftdefizite der ischiocruralen Muskulatur aufweisen. Methode: Es wurde eine Case-Control-Studie zwischen Skirennfahrer 49 ± 41 Monaten postoperativ nach einer VKB-Plastik und gesunden Skirennfahrer durchgeführt. Im Seitenvergleich wurde die exzentrische Gesamtkraft beider Beine der ischiocruralen Muskulatur der VKB- (n=18) mit der Kontrollgruppe (n=70), ferner die Kraft des operierten Beines einerseits mit der gesunden Seite und andererseits mit dem Mittelwert der gesunden Gruppe verglichen. Die exzentrische Kraft wurde während der Übung Nordic-Hamstrings auf dem NordBord gemessen. Gruppenvergleiche wurden mittels ANOVA mit Bonferroni Post-hoc Tests analysiert. Mittels multipler linearer Regressionsanalyse wurden zudem die relevanten unabhängigen Einflussvariablen zur Erklärung der exzentrischen Gesamtkraft und des Limb Symmetry Index ermittelt. Ergebnisse: Die relative exzentrische Gesamtkraft beider Beine der ischiocruralen Muskulatur der VKB-Gruppe war signifikant geringer als diejenige der Kontrollgruppe (p=0.031). Weiter war das operierte Bein bei der relativen exzentrischen Kraft signifikant schwächer als der Mittelwert der Kontrollgruppe (p=0.024). Auch der Limb Symmetry Index war bei den unilateral Operierten signifikant grösser (p=0.016) als bei den Gesunden und den bilateral Operierten. Die Unterschiede in der exzentrischen Gesamtkraft zwischen den Athleten liess sich zu 56% durch die drei unabhängigen Variablen Operation, Alter und Geschlecht erklären. Die Unterschiede im Limb Symmetry Index zwischen den Athleten konnte zu 18% durch die drei unabhängigen Variablen Operation, exzentrische Gesamtkraft beider Beine und Körpergrösse erklärt werden. Schlussfolgerung: Skirennfahrer haben auch mehrere Jahre nach einer VKB-Plastik persistierende Defizite in der exzentrischen Kraft der ischiocruralen Muskulatur verglichen mit gesunden Skirennfahrern. Daher sollte dem Training der exzentrischen Kraftfähigkeit der ischiocruralen Muskulatur während der Rehabilitation aus Sicht der Autoren mehr Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet werden. Die vorgestellte Messmethode ist einfach, praktikabel und kostengünstig. Um den Einfluss der Kraft der ischiocruralen Muskulatur auf Kreuzbandverletzungen besser verstehen zu können, sind weitere Studien nötig.
On vault in artistic gymnastics, a high run-up speed is thought to be important when performing difficult vaults. To test this assumption in a large cohort of elite athletes, we calculated the correlations between the run-up speed, scores, height and length of flight for handspring-, Tsukahara- and Yurchenko-style vaults and compared the performances of male and female elite and junior athletes (n = 407) during the 2016 European Championships. In females, run-up speed correlated significantly with the difficulty (D-) score and height of flight for all vaulting styles (r ≤ 0.80). In males, run-up speed correlated significantly with the D-score, height and length of flight of Tsukahara (r ≤ 0.69) and Yurchenko vaults only (r ≤ 0.65). Males reached 8-9% higher run-up speeds performing handspring and Tsukahara vaults than did females, but similar run-up speeds performing Yurchenko vaults. Elite females achieved higher run-up speeds than junior females performing Yurchenko vaults. Elite males displayed higher run-up speeds than junior males performing handspring and Tsukahara vaults. We conclude that, in females, more difficult vaults require higher run-up speeds than vaults with lower D-scores and thus, within the measured range of speeds, the faster the run-up, the better, regardless of vaulting style. Males, on the other hand, may not need to exhaust their sprinting capacity, even for the most difficult vaults. Finally, the knowledge of the required run-up speed for each vault helps coaches to estimate each athlete's potential and/or to focus the training on developing the required physical qualities.
As hill jumps are very time-consuming, ski jumping athletes often perform various imitation jumps during training. The performed jumps should be similar to hill jumps, but a direct comparison of the kinetic and kinematic parameters has not been performed yet. Therefore, this study aimed to correlate 11 common parameters during hill jumps (Oberstdorf Germany), squat jumps (wearing indoor shoes), and various imitation jumps (rolling 4°, rolling flat, static; jumping equipment or indoor shoes) on a custom-built instrumented vehicle with a catch by the coach. During the performed jumps, force and video data of the take-off of 10 athletes were measured. The imitation and squat jumps were then ranked. The main difference between the hill jumps and the imitation and squat jumps is the higher maximal force loading rate during the hill jumps. Imitation jumps performed on a rolling platform, on flat ground were the most similar to hill jumps in terms of the force-time, and leg joint kinematic properties. Thus, non-hill jumps with a technical focus should be performed from a rolling platform with a flat inrun with normal indoor shoes or jumping equipment, and high normal force loading rates should be the main focus of imitation training.
In artistic gymnastics, the possibility of using 2D video analysis to measure the peak height (hpeak) and length of flight (L) during routine training in order to monitor the execution and development of difficult elements is intriguing. However, the validity and reliability of such measurements remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, the hpeak and L of 38 vaults, performed by top-level gymnasts, were assessed by 2D and 3D analysis in order to evaluate criterion validity and both intrarater and interrater reliability of the 2D method. Validity calculations showed higher accuracy for hpeak (±95% LoA: ±3.6% of average peak height) than for L (±95% LoA: ±7.6% of average length). Minor random errors, but no systematic errors, were observed in the examination of intrarater reliability (hpeak: CV% = 0.44%, p = 0.81; L: CV% = 0.87%, p = 0.14) and interrater reliability (hpeak: CV% = 0.51%, p = 0.55; L: CV% = 0.72%, p = 0.44). In conclusion, the validity and reliability of the 2D method are deemed sufficient (particularly for hpeak, but with some limitations for L) to justify its use in routine training of the vault. Due to its simplicity and low cost, this method could be an attractive monitoring tool for gymnastics coaches.
On rings in men’s artistic gymnastics, a high degree of relative maximum strength is crucial to present up to seven strength elements in the required quality in the routine. To increase this specific strength and strength endurance the coaches often prolong the holding times of those elements by using the devices counterweight and additional weight in training. The purpose of this study was to investigate the predictability of the maximum resistance (MR) (minimal counterweight/ maximum additional weight) at five and seven seconds holding times based on the MR at three seconds of the elements Iron Cross (C), Support Scale (SS) and Swallow (S) and to provide coaches with a reliable conversion table that predicts the individual training weights at different holding times. Ten male gymnasts of the Swiss National Team performed a specific static MR-Test (three, five and seven seconds holding time) of the elements C, SS and S. The results showed a significant decrease in MR as holding time increased (t-Test: p < 0.001). The standard error of estimate (SEE) and explained variance (R2) revealed that the prediction of MR at five seconds (SEE 0.52 kg to 1.03 kg, R2 0.92 to 1.00) was more accurate than at seven seconds holding time (SEE 0.95 kg to 2.08 kg, R2 0.88 to 0.98). Based on the linear regression equations, a useful conversion table was established that predicts the MR at five and seven seconds holding time based on the three seconds MR at each of the tested elements.
Abstract Squats, drop jumps, and imitation jumps are commonly used training exercises in ski jumping to enhance maximum force, explosive force, and sport-specific skills. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the kinetics and kinematics of training exercises in ski jumping and to find objective parameters in training exercises that most correlate with the competition performance of ski jumpers. To this end, barbell squats, drop jumps, and imitation jumps were measured in a laboratory environment for 10 elite ski jumpers. Force and motion data were captured, and the influence of maximum vertical force, force difference, vertical take-off velocity, knee moments, knee joint power, and a knee valgus/varus index was evaluated and correlated with their season jump performance. The results indicate that, especially for the imitation jumps, a good correlation exists between the vertical take-off velocity and the personal jump performance on the hill (R = 0.718). Importantly, however, the more the athletes tended toward a valgus knee alignment during the measured movements, the worse their performance (R = 0.729 imitation jumps; R = 0.685 squats). Although an evaluation of the athletes' lower limb alignment during competitive jumping on the hill is still required, these preliminary data suggest that performance training should additionally concentrate on improving knee alignment to increase ski jumping performance.
Abstract: International men's gymnastics has evolved rapidly on all six apparatus. On rings, strength elements are primarily determining. Various preconditioning strengthening exercises are performed routinely in training. However, the relationship between these exercises and the strength elements on rings, which would be of interest for coaches, are not well studied. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between strength in seven preconditioning exercises and performance of three important hold elements: Swallow, Support Scale and Iron Cross. Ten male gymnasts of the Swiss national team performed a 1RM test for each of the seven strength exercises and a maximum static hold of the strength elements on rings. A significant correlation was observed only between Swallow with the preconditioning exercises Swallow supine position (r: 0.71, p: 0.031) and Bench press (r: 0.71, p: 0.046); as well as between Support Scale and Swallow supine position (r: 0.69, p: 0.039). Iron Cross correlated highest with the Cross belt (r: 0.66, p: 0.051) and Bench press (r: 0.67, p: 0.069). Further, it was observed that a minimal 1RM of 73.4% body weight is needed for the exercise Swallow supine position in order to complete a hold of the element Swallow on rings. For execution of the element Support Scale, a 1RM of 67.4% body weight for the exercise Swallow supine position is needed.
